Catarata congênita nas infecções intrauterinas mais comuns (STORCH): revisão de literatura / Congenital cataract in the most common intrauterine infections (STORCH): a review of the literature

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos da catarata congênita secundária às infecções por sífilis, toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus e herpes simples. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, na qual foram incluídos artigos de periódicos indexados às bases de dados PubMed®, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase e SciELO de 2010 a 2023. Resultados: Foram encontrados 45 artigos, e, após seleção, restaram 9 artigos. Além disso, foram adicionados artigos para enriquecer a discussão. A infecção por sífilis está relacionada a alterações corneanas. O citomegalovírus e a toxoplasmose estão relacionados com a coriorretinite e/ou microftalmia. A rubéola é responsável por causar catarata, glaucoma, microftalmia e retinite em sal e pimenta. Conclusão: Foram abordadas as principais etiologias infecciosas e seu quadro clínico na CC. O melhor tratamento para CC é cirúrgico associado a acompanhamento clínico, mas a prevenção é a maneira mais eficaz de combater a CC de etiologia infecciosa. O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento efetivo previnem alterações e sequelas visuais irreversíveis. Nesse contexto, mostram-se importantes as ações de políticas públicas para o melhor desfecho clínico e melhor qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the clinical and pathological aspects of CC secondary to infections by syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex. Methods: This is a literature review. Articles from journals indexed to PubMed, COCHRANE, LILACS, EMBASE and SCIELO from 2010 to 2023 were included. Results: A total of 45 articles were found, which, after selection, remained in 9 articles. Some articles were included to enrich the discussion in this topic. The infection caused by syphilis is related to corneal changes. Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasmosis due to chorioretinitis and/or microphthalmia. Rubella is responsible for causing cataracts, glaucoma, microphthalmia, and salt and pepper retinitis. Conclusion: The main infectious etiologies and their clinical status in CC were addressed. The best treatment for CC is surgery associated with clinical follow-up, but prevention is the most effective way to combat CC of infectious etiology. Early diagnosis and effective treatment prevent irreversible visual changes and sequelae. In this context, public policy actions are important for the best clinical outcome and better quality of life.

Incidencia y comportamiento clínico de la endoftalmitis poscirugía de catarata / Incidence and clinical behavior of endophthalmitis post cataract surgery

Introducción: La endoftalmitis posquirúrgica es la complicación más temida de la cirugía de catarata. Resulta potencialmente devastadora, puede amenazar seriamente la visión y tiene una incidencia estimada de entre 0,02 y 0,71 por ciento. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de endoftalmitis poscirugía de catarata y su comportamiento clínico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se revisaron 13 850 cirugías consecutivas de catarata realizadas en el Centro Oftalmológico del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico "Arnaldo Milián Castro" de Villa Clara, Cuba. Resultados: La incidencia de endoftalmitis poscirugía de catarata en esta serie fue de 0,17 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 0,10-0,24 por ciento); 0,18 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 0,11-0,25 por ciento) para extracción extracapsular del cristalino y sin incidencia en la facoemulsificación. La forma de presentación aguda fue más frecuente que la crónica; 0,13 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 0,07-0,19 por ciento) y 0,04 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 0,01-0,07 por ciento), respectivamente. Los hombres fueron más afectados que las mujeres y la edad media fue de 71,8 años. La forma aguda se presentó con una media de 5,1 días entre la cirugía y el inicio de los síntomas y la crónica con una media de 21,2 semanas. El 39,1 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo agudeza visual de percepción luminosa al momento del diagnóstico. Se reportó un crecimiento bacteriano en el 44,7 por ciento de las muestras, con una positividad en humor acuoso y vítreo del 42,1 por ciento y 47,4 por ciento, respectivamente. El Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue el germen más frecuente. Los antibióticos intravítreos más vitrectomía plana precoz fue la conducta terapéutica más empleada. Conclusiones: La incidencia de endoftalmitis poscirugía de catarata en esta serie está en el rango de lo reportado a nivel mundial. Se presenta comúnmente de forma aguda y con pobre agudeza visual. El agente etiológico aislado con más frecuencia fue el Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa(AU)

Introduction: Postoperative endophthalmitis is the most feared complication of cataract surgery. It is potentially devastating, can seriously threaten vision and has an estimated incidence of between 0.02 and 0.71 percent. Objective: To determine the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery and its clinical behavior. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed. Thirteen 850 consecutive cataract surgeries performed at the Ophthalmologic Center of the Clinical Surgical University Hospital "Arnaldo Milián Castro" of Villa Clara were reviewed. Results: The incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in this series was 0.17 percent (95 percent CI: 0.10-0.24 percent); 0.18 percent (95 percent CI: 0.11-0.25 percent) for extracapsular extraction of the crystalline lens and no incidence in phacoemulsification. The acute form of presentation was more frequent than the chronic form; 0.13 percent (95 percent CI: 0.07-0.19 percent) and 0.04 percent (95 percent CI: 0.01-0.07 percent), respectively. Males were more affected than females and the mean age was 71.8 years. The acute form occurred with a mean of 5.1 days between surgery and symptom onset and the chronic form with a mean of 21.2 weeks. Thirty-nine.1 percent of patients had visual acuity of light perception at the time of diagnosis. Bacterial growth was reported in 44.7 percent of the specimens, with positivity in aqueous and vitreous humor of 42.1 percent and 47.4 percent, respectively. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequent germ. Intravitreal antibiotics plus remission for early flat vitrectomy was the most commonly employed therapeutic behavior. Conclusions: The incidence of post cataract surgery endophthalmitis in this series is in the range of that reported worldwide. It commonly presents acutely and with poor visual acuity. The most frequently isolated etiologic agent was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(AU)

Síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular: del diagnóstico al tratamiento / Capsular bursa distension síndrome: from diagnosis to treatment

El síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular es una rara complicación de la cirugía de catarata. El objetivo principal fue exponer los principales hallazgos oftalmológicos de esta enfermedad, y las diferentes alternativas de diagnóstico y tratamiento para afrontar esta infrecuente y tardía complicación de la cirugía de catarata. Consiste en la adhesión del borde de la capsulorrexis al lente intraocular, colocado en un saco capsular. Tal aposición dificulta que el líquido fluya a través de la apertura de la cápsula anterior y se acumule en el saco capsular. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 71 años con antecedentes de cirugía de catarata por facoemulsificación en el ojo derecho. Refirió que desde hace 11 meses ha notado disminución de la visión. En el examen oftalmológico del ojo derecho se constató agudeza visual sin corrección de 0,3 por cartilla de Snellen, la cual mejoró a 1,0 con una corrección de -1,00 dioptría D. La exploración con lámpara de hendidura descartó cualquier tipo de inflamación del segmento anterior. Su presión intraocular fue de 18 mmHg. Mostró una cámara anterior poco profunda, con un desplazamiento anterior del iris y un saco capsular distendido. La cápsula posterior estaba separada de la superficie posterior del LIO con contenido líquido transparente. Se diagnosticó síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular. Se sometió a una capsulotomía posterior con láser Nd: YAG. En la evaluación posterior, el paciente mostró agudezas visuales no corregidas de 1,0 por cartilla de Snellen en ambos ojos. El síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular es una complicación tardía e infrecuente de cirugía de catarata con múltiples factores de riesgo, pero de rápida solución(AU)

Capsular bag distension syndrome is a rare complication of cataract surgery. The main objective was to expose the main ophthalmological findings of this disease and the different diagnostic and treatment alternatives to deal with this infrequent and late complication of cataract surgery. It consists of adhesion of the capsulorhexis rim to the intraocular lens, placed in a capsular bag. Such apposition makes it difficult for fluid to flow through the anterior capsule opening and accumulate in the capsular sac. We present a 71-year-old male patient with a history of cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in the right eye who 11 months ago reported decreased vision in the same eye. The ophthalmologic examination of the right eye showed an uncorrected visual acuity of 0.3 by Snellen chart, which improved to 1.0 with a correction of -1.00 D diopter. Slit lamp examination ruled out any type of anterior segment inflammation. His intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg. She showed a shallow anterior chamber, with an anterior displacement of the iris and a distended capsular sac. The posterior capsule was separated from the posterior surface of the IOL with clear fluid content. Capsular bag distension syndrome was diagnosed. He underwent posterior capsulotomy with Nd: YAG laser. On further evaluation, the patient had uncorrected visual acuities of 1.0 by Snellen chart in both eyes. Capsular bag distension syndrome is a late and infrequent complication of cataract surgery with multiple risk factors, but with rapid resolution(AU)

Mechanism of gigantol in transmembrane transport in human lens epithelial cells / 中国中药杂志

Gigantol is a phenolic component of precious Chinese medicine Dendrobii Caulis, which has many pharmacological activities such as prevent tumor and diabetic cataract. This paper aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of gigantol in transmembrane transport in human lens epithelial cells(HLECs). Immortalized HLECs were cultured in vitro and inoculated in the laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) medium at 5 000 cells/mL. The fluorescence distribution and intensity of gigantol marked by fluorescence in HLECs were observed by LSCM, and the absorption and distribution of gigantol were expressed as fluorescence intensity. The transmembrane transport process of gigantol in HLECs were monitored. The effects of time, temperature, concentration, transport inhibitors, and different cell lines on the transmembrane absorption and transport of gigantol were compared. HLECs were inoculated on climbing plates of 6-well culture plates, and the ultrastructure of HLECs was detected by atomic force microscopy(AFM) during the transmembrane absorption of non-fluorescent labeled gigantol. The results showed that the transmembrane absorption of gigantol was in time and concentration-dependent manners, which was also able to specifically target HLECs. Energy and carrier transport inhibitors reduced gigantol absorption by HLECs. During transmembrane process of gigantol, the membrane surface of HLECs became rougher and presented different degrees of pits, indicating that the transmembrane transport of gigantol was achieved by active absorption of energy and carrier-mediated endocytosis.

Deslocamento espontâneo do núcleo do cristalino para câmara anterior / Spontaneous displacement of the lens nucleus into the anterior chamber

RESUMO Ao longo da vida, o cristalino produz novas fibras dispostas de forma concêntrica, que aumentam seu diâmetro anteroposterior e peso, tornando seu núcleo mais compacto e endurecido. A catarata hipermadura é uma forma de progressão avançada dessa proliferação de fibras, que pode desencadear uma variedade de complicações. A ruptura espontânea da cápsula anterior do cristalino, evoluindo com deslocamento anterior do núcleo, é uma complicação rara e com poucos casos publicados na literatura. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 68 anos, que apresentou ruptura espontânea da cápsula anterior do cristalino com deslocamento anterior do núcleo em olho esquerdo sem histórico de trauma ocular. A paciente foi submetida à facoemulsificação do cristalino e ao controle da pressão intraocular, evoluindo com melhora do quadro clínico.

ABSTRACT Throughout life, the lens produces new fibers arranged concentrically, which increase its anteroposterior diameter and weight, making its nucleus more compact and hardened. Hypermature cataract is an advanced stage of this fiber proliferation, which can trigger a variety of complications. Spontaneous rupture of the anterior lens capsule evolving with anterior displacement of the nucleus is a rare complication, with few cases published in the literature. We describe the case of a 68-year-old female patient, who presented spontaneous rupture of the anterior lens capsule with anterior displacement of the nucleus in the left eye, without a history of ocular trauma. The patient underwent phacoemulsification and clinical control of intraocular pressure, improving her condition.

Implementation and methodology of a pilot, localized video library of cataract surgeries for residency training in a tertiary Philippine Eye Institute

Objectives@#Video-based learning of surgical skills is a useful complement in training programs. This is more evident where direct patient exposure is limited due to multiple factors. In ophthalmic surgery, access to high quality ocular surgery videos such as for cataract operations, can provide significant learning points for trainees in an institutional program. Creation therefore of a local, curated, and indexed library of cataract surgery would support alternative means to maximize training of new ophthalmic surgeons. The objective of the project was to develop a local library of cataract surgery videos as an adjunct teaching tool for resident trainees in a Philippine tertiary eye care center. @*Methods@#A collection of cataract surgery videos from 2013-2020 were compiled into a single workstation. Videos were reviewed and catalogued using set keywords for easy searchability and labelling. @*Results@#256 videos of cataract surgeries were compiled into the library. 6 main headings for the keywords, with 159 total subheadings were established to provide robust tagging and search options to index the video.@*Conclusion@#Particularly in Ophthalmic surgery, refinement of surgical technique is essential in ensuring better postoperative visual outcomes. This is achieved through repetition and careful dissection of operative technique. The use of a library with multiple videos of a similar procedure allows trainees more exposure to certain cases. This ultimately affords trainees, better experience and confidence in their own surgeries.

The cost of managing congenital rubella syndrome in a tertiary government hospital in Northern Luzon, Philippines

Background@#Infants with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) often require multiple diagnostic procedures and interventions that include cataract surgery and procedures for congenital heart abnormalities. CRS is a vaccine preventable disease.@*Objective@#This study aimed to determine the costs incurred by the parents, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC), hospital's medical social service (MSS), and non-governmental organization (NGO) in the management of CRS.@*Methods@#This is a costing study of five children diagnosed with probable CRS who were managed in a tertiary government hospital in Northern Luzon, Philippines. The parents or guardians of the patients were interviewed on the cost incurred particularly on non-medical related expenses during their outpatient department consultations and admissions. Hospital bills from our institutions and those from the previous institutions, if available, were retrieved. Expenses incurred from procedures or medical supplies relating to known complications of CRS were included in the computation.@*Results@#All five patients diagnosed with CRS had cardiac, ear, and eye manifestations. Two patients had postnatal complications. The average cost spent by the five patients' early years of life (mean age of patients was 16 ± 14 months) was ₱409,740.84. A quarter of the cost was out-of-pocket expenses while a third was covered by the hospital's MSS where the patients were seen. Another third was shouldered by an NGO. Most expenses were from the treatment of cardiac complications at 42% of the cost and had the highest average cost at ₱116,586.59. Case 1 had the highest financial cost at ₱833,514.24 mainly from the cardiac complications of CRS.@*Conclusion@#The cost of CRS in the early years of life is high. This is a significant financial burden to parents, PHIC, hospital's MSS, and NGO.

Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome caused by BCOR gene mutations: a case report / 中国当代儿科杂志

A full-term female infant was admitted at 5 hours after birth due to heart malformations found during the fetal period and cyanosis once after birth. Mmultiple malformations of eyes, face, limbs, and heart were noted. The whole-exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic heterozygous mutation, c.2428C>T(p.Arg810*), in the BCOR gene. The infant was then diagnosed with oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome. He received assisted ventilation to improve oxygenation and nutritional support during hospitalization. Right ventricular double outlet correction was performed 1 month after birth. Ocular lesions were followed up and scheduled for elective surgery. The possibility of oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome should be considered for neonates with multiple malformations of eyes, face, and heart, and genetic testing should be performed as early as possible to confirm the diagnosis; meanwhile, active ophthalmic and cardiovascular symptomatic treatment should be given to improve the prognosis.

Hipertensión ocular secundaria a aceite de silicona / Ocular Hypertension Secondary to Silicone Oil

La silicona líquida es usada intravítrea cuando se requiere un taponamiento prolongado intraocular para mantener la retina aplicada. A pesar de sus ventajas, su uso se ha asociado a algunas complicaciones como catarata, queratopatía, hipertensión ocular, glaucoma entre otras. La hipertensión ocular secundaria por aceite de silicona aparece por varios mecanismos, la migración de partículas a la malla trabecular junto con el proceso inflamatorio que genera es un reto para los cirujanos, de ahí los diferentes criterios de tratamiento que existen para su completa resolución. A continuación, se presenta un paciente operado de desprendimiento de retina recidivado con hipertensión ocular secundario a aceite de silicona 9 meses después de su primera intervención. Llevó tratamiento con hipotensores oculares tópicos, orales y no resolvió por lo que se decide realizar ciclocrioterapia en dos cuadrantes. A pesar que este tratamiento no es el de elección en estos casos, podemos decir que en este paciente se logra controlar la presión intraocular luego de una sola sesión(AU)

Liquid silicone is used intravitreally when prolonged intraocular insulation is required to keep the retina applied. Despite its advantages, its use has been associated with some complications such as cataract, keratopathy, ocular hypertension, glaucoma, among others. Secondary ocular hypertension due to silicone oil appears by several mechanisms. The migration of particles to the trabecular meshwork, together with the inflammatory process it generates, represents a challenge for surgeons, hence the different treatment criteria that exist for its complete resolution. The following is a patient operated on for recurrent retinal detachment with ocular hypertension secondary to silicone oil 9 months after the first operation. He was treated with topical and oral ocular hypotensors and it did not resolve, so it was decided to perform cyclocriotherapy in two quadrants. Although this treatment is not the treatment of choice in these cases, we can say that in this patient intraocular pressure control was achieved after only one session(AU)

Relación de los planos anatómicos del cristalino con la posición real del lente intraocular / Relationship of the Anatomical Planes of the Crystalline lens to the Actual Position of the Intraocular Lens

Objetivo: Determinar la relación de los planos anatómicos del cristalino con la posición real de la lente intraocular en pacientes con diagnóstico de catarata atendidos en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología durante el período de enero del 2018 a enero 2021. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo longitudinal en 89 ojos de 67 pacientes operados de catarata con implante de lente intraocular (LIO) por técnica de facoemulsificación. Se empleó para el cálculo del poder de la lente el IOL Master 700 y la fórmula de SRK/T. Se utilizó la imagen de OCT ofrecida por el IOL Máster 700 para determinar el plano ecuatorial y plano central del cristalino, así como la posición real de la lente intraocular. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad entre 60 - 79 años, el sexo femenino representó el 53 por ciento. Los ojos tamaño promedio y las medidas biométricas oculares en valores promedios estándar fueron los más representativos. El plano ecuatorial mostró menos diferencia con la posición real de la lente intraocular en comparación con la diferencia evidenciada entre el plano central y la posición real de la lente. La adecuada posición del lente intraocular calculado en la bolsa capsular independiente a la longitud axial, permitió obtener un resultado refractivo en correspondencia al esperado previo a la cirugía. Conclusión: Los parámetros anatómicos del cristalino (plano ecuatorial, plano central) constituyen variables importantes a tener en cuenta para el desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de las fórmulas para el cálculo del lente intraocular(AU)

Purpose: To determine the relationship of the anatomical planes of the crystalline lens with the actual position of the intraocular lens in patients with a diagnosis of cataract seen at the Ocular Microsurgery Center of the Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology during the period January 2018 and January 2021. Methods: An observational, descriptive, prospective longitudinal study was performed in 89 eyes of 67 patients operated on for cataract with intraocular lens implantation (IOL) by phacoemulsification technique. The IOL Master 700 and the SRK/T formula were used to calculate lens power. The OCT image provided by the IOL Master 700 was used to determine the equatorial plane and central plane of the crystalline lens, as well as the actual position of the intraocular lens. Results: The age group 60-79 years was predominant, female gender represented 53 percent. Average eye size and ocular biometric measurements in standard average values were the most representative. The equatorial plane showed less difference with the actual intraocular lens position compared to the difference evidenced between the central plane and the actual lens position. The adequate position of the intraocular lens calculated in the capsular bag independent to the axial length, allowed to obtain a refractive result in correspondence to the one expected before surgery. Conclusion: The anatomical parameters of the crystalline lens (equatorial plane, central plane) are important variables to be taken into account for the development and improvement of the formulas for the calculation of the intraocular lens(AU)

Catarata bilateral congénita en recién nacido con síndrome de Down / Congenital bilateral cataract in a newborn with Down syndrome / Catarata congênita bilateral em recém-nascido com síndrome de Down

Las cataratas son una causa importante de discapacidad visual en la población pediátrica en todo el mundo y pueden afectar significativamente el neurodesarrollo de un niño. Constituyen un problema fundamental en cuanto a su manejo y una de las causas más relevantes de ceguera tratable en los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. La trisomía 21 es la cromosomopatía más frecuente, de características fenotípicas determinadas con un 60% de anormalidades oculares, entre las que se destacan las ametropías, queratocono y las cataratas. El diagnóstico clínico y la identificación temprana del tipo de cataratas, junto con intervenciones clínicas y tratamientos precoces, son claves para lograr resultados óptimos. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido con síndrome de Down y catarata congénita bilateral y su manejo inicial.

Cataracts are a major cause of visual impairment in the pediatric population worldwide and can significantly affect a child's neurobiological development. Congenital cataract management can become a very important problem and is one of the most important causes of blindness in developed and developing countries. Trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal disease and it has certain phenotypic characteristics and 60% ophthalmic abnormalities, such as, ametropia, keratoconus and cataracts. The diagnosis is fundamentally clinical. Early identification, diagnosis, and appropriate clinical care are key to achieve optimal results. We present the case of a newborn with Down syndrome who was diagnosed with an early bilateral congenital cataract.

A catarata é uma das principais causas de deficiência visual na população pediátrica no mundo e pode afetar significativamente o neurodesenvolvimento de uma criança, além de constituir um problema fundamental em termos de sua gestão e é uma das causas mais relevantes de cegueira tratável em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Trissomia 21 é a cromossomopatia mais frequente e tem determinadas características fenotípicas com 60% de alterações oculares, como a ametropia, ceratocone e catarata. O diagnóstico clínico e a identificação precoce do tipo de catarata, juntamente com intervenções clínicas e tratamento precoces, são fundamentais para alcançar os melhores resultados. Apresentamos o caso de um recém-nascido com síndrome de Down e catarata congênita bilateral e seu manejo inicial.

Diabetes mellitus y salud visual como referentes esenciales en la práctica médica / Diabetes mellitus and visual health as essential references in medical practice

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus, requiere atención médica multifactorial y multisectorial. La oftalmopatía diabética demanda sistemas de salud integrados que faciliten la prevención, detección y tratamiento de las complicaciones en los niveles de atención primaria, secundaria y terciaria. Objetivo: Exponer los conceptos teóricos, prácticos y las tendencias actuales sobre diabetes mellitus y salud visual. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliografía y documental sobre diabetes mellitus y salud visual, estudios y documentos publicados por instituciones nacionales e internacionales, temas vinculados a la diabetes mellitus y la salud visual, se accedió a artículos desde diferentes fuentes, revistas indexadas, metaanálisis y fuentes primarias no publicadas, tesis de maestría, y doctorados. Resultados: Para conservar la salud visual es necesario llevar a cabo medidas que conlleven a prevenir la pérdida de la visión por catarata, glaucoma, retinopatia y edema macular diabético, que incluyen no sólo un buen control de los parámetros metabólicos y las revisiones periódicas al oftalmólogo, sino también el cumplimiento de la educación diabetológica por un equipo multidisciplinario y actualización sobre este tema de los prestadores de salud. La disminución visual que provoca la catarata y otras enfermedades oculares puede conducir a padecer discapacidades como, pérdida de autonomía para administrarse los medicamentos, limitar las actividades de la vida cotidiana e incapacidad laboral y social, con la consiguiente afectación de la calidad de vida Conclusiones: Acudir al oftalmólogo con frecuencia, mantener el control glucémico, del colesterol y presión arterial representan el pilar fundamental para preservar la salud visual en el paciente diabético(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus requires multifactorial and multisectoral medical attention. Diabetic ophthalmopathy demands integrated health systems that facilitate the prevention, detection and treatment of complications at the primary, secondary and tertiary care levels. Objective: To show the theoretical and practical concepts and current trends on diabetes mellitus and visual health. Methods: A bibliographic and documentary review on diabetes mellitus and visual health was carried out. Studies and documents published by local and international institutions, articles, topics related to diabetes mellitus and visual health were retrieved from different sources, indexed journals, meta-analysis and unpublished primary sources, research degree and master's, theses. Results: To preserve visual health, it is necessary to carry out reading that lead to preventing vision loss due to cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, which include not only good control of metabolic parameters and regular check-ups with the ophthalmologist , but also compliance with diabetes education by a multidisciplinary team and updating the health providers on this subject. The visual decrease caused by cataract and other eye diseases can lead to disabilities such as loss of autonomy to manage medications, limit activities of daily life and work and social incapacity, with the consequent impact on quality of life. Conclusions: Frequently going to the ophthalmologist, maintaining glycemic, cholesterol and blood pressure control represent the fundamental pillar to preserve visual health in diabetic patients(AU)

Poder dióptrico del lente intraocular y dilatación en pacientes con catarata / Dioptric power of intraocular lens and dilatation in patients with cataract

ntroducción: la cirugía de catarata con implante de un lente intraocular es, hoy en día, el procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente en todo el mundo. Su éxito depende de muchos factores, uno de los más importantes es el cálculo exacto del poder dióptrico del lente intraocular. Objetivo: comparar el cálculo del poder dióptrico del lente intraocular en los pacientes sin y con dilatación pupilar. Material y métodos: estudio longitudinal, en el que se determinó el cálculo del poder dióptrico del lente intraocular en pacientes con y sin dilatación pupilar. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, género, ojo a estudiar, queratometría, longitud axial, profundidad de cámara anterior y poder dióptrico del lente intraocular. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y t de Student. Resultados: se estudiaron 37 pacientes, 23 mujeres y 14 hombres. La edad promedio fue de 68 ± 7.87 años. Se estudiaron 64 ojos, 30 fueron derechos y 34 izquierdos. Estadísticamente solo hubo diferencia significativa en K2 de la biometría ocular entre pacientes sin y con dilatación pupilar al obtenerse un valor de p ≤ 0.05. Conclusión: no existen cambios en el cálculo del poder dióptrico del LIO sin y con dilatación pupilar.

Background: Cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant is, nowadays, the most frequent surgical procedure in all the world. Its success depends on a lot of factors, one of the most important is the calculation of the exact dioptric power of intraocular lens. Objective: To compare the calculation of dioptric power of intraocular lens with and without dilatation in patients with cataract. Material and methods: Longitudinal study, the calculation of the dioptric power of the intraocular lens was determined in patients without and with pupillary dilation. The variables were age, gender, eye to study, keratometry, axial length, anterior chamber depth and dioptric power of the intraocular lens. Descriptive statistics and Student t test were performed. Results: There were 37 patients, 23 females and 14 males. The average age was 68 + 7.87 years. Sixty-four eyes were studied, 30 were right and 34 left. Statistically, there was only significant difference in K2 of the ocular biometry between patients without and with pupillary dilation when obtaining a value of p < 0.05. Conclusion: There are no changes in the calculation of the dioptric power of the Intraocular lens without and with pupillary dilation

Advances in interdisciplinary medical and engineering research of intraocular lens surface modifications to prevent posterior capsule opacification / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO), a common complication after cataract surgery, impacts a patient's long-term visual quality to various degrees. Although a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy is a very effective treatment, it may lead to a serial of complications. Accordingly, the search for simple, safe, and effective methods to prevent PCO has received widespread attention. Various researchers are committed to the interdisciplinary collaboration between medicine and engineering fields, such as functionalizing the surface of the intraocular lens (IOL) via supercritical fluid impregnation, coating the surface of the IOL, high-concentration drug immersion, and application of a drug delivery system, to effectively reduce the incidence and severity of PCO.

Variation analysis of EPG5 gene in a Vici syndrome family / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic etiology of Vici syndrome in a Chinese family.@*METHODS@#Whole exome sequencing (WES) technology was used to detect gene variants in a fetus of abnormal ultrasonic structure without abnormalities in routine chromosome karyotype analysis and SNP-array. Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics prediction were performed for the suspected variants of the fetus and parents.@*RESULTS@#The fetus and the elder sister have carried c. 2427delC (p.T809fs) and c.1886A>T (p.E629V) compound heterozygous variants of the EPG5 gene, which were respectively inherited from their mother and father. Neither variant was reported previously. According to ACMG guidelines, the c.2427delC variant was predicted as pathogenic, while the c.1886A>T variant was of uncertain significance. PolyPhen-2 and PROVEAN software indicated that c.1886A>T variant was probably damaging.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.2427delC and c.1886A>T variants of the EPG5 gene probably underlie the pathogenesis of the Vici syndrome in this family. Above finding has enriched the variational spectrum of EPG5 gene and provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the family.

Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of an ethnic Han Chinese child with Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome due to a de novo KCNJ6 mutation / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical characteristics and genetic basis for a child with Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome (KPLBS).@*METHODS@#Trio-whole exome sequencing (Trio-WES) was carried out for the proband and her parents. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.@*RESULTS@#The child has featured peculiar facies including large eyes, alar hypoplasia, microretrognathia, premature aging appearance in addition with growth delay and mental retardation. Trio-WES has identified that she has carried a de novo variant of the KCNJ6 gene, namely c.460G>C (p.Gly154Arg). The variant has not been recorded in the database. Prediction of protein structure indicated that the variant may affect the potassium ion selective filtration structure channel in the transmembrane region of KCNJ6 protein, which may result in up regulation of the function of the channel.@*CONCLUSION@#The de novo c.460G>C (p.Gly154Arg) variant of the KCNJ6 gene probably underlay the KPLBS in this child. Above finding has enriched the genotypic and phenotype spectrum of this syndrome.

Refractive changes after intraocular lens implantation in post-cataract extraction children in a Philippine Tertiary Hospital

Objective@#To determine refractive changes in children post-cataract extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation at a Philippine tertiary hospital. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective cohort study involving patients aged 1 to 10 years in the Department of Ophthalmology of a Philippine tertiary hospital who underwent cataract extraction and IOL implantation between 2004 to 2013. @*Results@#We included 55 eyes of 34 patients in the analysis. Thirty-eight eyes (69%) eyes underwent primary IOL implantation. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.5 ± 2.1 years. The median refractive changes were -2.00 (-2.50, -0.50) diopters (D) for the 1- to 3-year-old group, -1.25 (-1.50, -0.25) D for the 4- to 7-year-old group, and -1.00 (-1.63, -0.25) D for the 8- to 10-year-old group. Only the 1- to 3-year-old group had significant difference between the initial post-operative refraction and the latest follow-up refraction (p<0.001). For the primary implantation group, patients in the 1- to 3-year-old group had the highest median refractive change at -2.00 (-3.125, -1.00) D while patients in the 8- to 10-year-old group had the highest median refractive change at -2.12 (-2.56, -1.69) D in the secondary implantation group. Refractions of eyes with IOL-implanted and normal eyes showed a median difference of -1.00 (-0.25, -3.5) D. @*Conclusion@#The determination of the power of IOL implants in pediatric patients who underwent cataract extraction remains challenging despite availability of recommendations.

Challenges in managing cataract from Congenital Rubella Syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic

@#Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases being seen in a tertiary hospital in Baguio rose in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its communicability presented logistical challenges to the hospital as additional contact and droplet precautions, including COVID-19 RT-PCR testing, were needed to be observed to prevent rubella transmission. The operations of the institute have also been disrupted and compromised since its space and resources were diverted to the pandemic response. A probable rubella transmission occurred when a patient with CRS was admitted for cataract surgery but was delayed due to the COVID-19 RT-PCR test requirement. Another patient admitted from the Outpatient Department on the same day developed maculopapular rashes for three days during admission but with no febrile episodes and lymphadenopathy. These cases showed how managing CRS cataracts got complicated by the current COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the review and proposal to revise current hospital policies to minimize the exposure of vulnerable individuals and prevent future transmission.

Short Term Visual and Refractive Outcome following Surgical Intervention forPosterior Capsule Opacification (PCO) in Children in a Tertiary Eye Hospital

BACKGROUND: PCO occurs commonly postoperatively followingcataract extraction in children, obscuring vision as did the initialcataract. It may require a second surgical procedure when it is dense.It is expected that this results in restoration of vision and it is importantto ascertain that this is the case as well as to examine any significantchanges in refraction thereafter.M ETHODS: A retrospective observational study extractingdemographic and clinical information from case notes of patients whohad membranectomy and/or capsule polishing between October 2017and September 2018.RESULTS: 57 eyes of 51 patients were enrolled. There was a 2:1male: female ratio. Mean age at cataract surgery was 6.33 3.59yearswhilst that for PCO surgery was 9.68 3.89years. Postoperativevisual acuity (by WHO definition) was good (between 6/6 and 6/18)in 33.3%, compared to 8.8% preoperatively. Whereas presenting visualacuity was poor (<6/60) in 61.4% preoperatively, this reduced to30% postoperatively. Visual outcome was influenced by age at cataractsurgery, age at PCO surgery, interval between cataract and PCO surgeryand type of cataract. Children >8 years of age at time of PCO surgeryhad a greater proportion of good post-operative best corrected visualacuity (BCVA) (52.6%), whilst 75% of children younger than 8yearsat time of surgery turned out with poor BCVA after surgery.Developmental cataracts proportionately had the best outcome ofvisual acuity. There was a range of refractive shift of +0.25D to ­5.25D with a mean myopic shift of ­1.51D following membranectomy. CONCLUSION: There was a good proportion of children withsignificant improvement in visual acuity on the short term,and a mildmyopic shift following membranectomy.

Bilateral ocular deposit of chlorpromazine / Depósito ocular bilateral de clorpromazina

ABSTRACT Chlorpromazine is a medication widely used in psychiatry for the treatment of psychoses, especially schizophrenia. Since 1964, published articles have been correlating this medication with the appearance of ocular alterations. In this paper, we report the case of a 65-year-old patient with ocular effects due to long-term therapy with chlorpromazine. Biomicroscopy of both eyes presented diffuse granular brown deposits, most prominent at the deep stroma and corneal endothelium level. Also showed anterior subcapsular brown deposits with a stellate pattern in the lens. The total amount exceeds 2.000g (significant for the ocular alterations described) considering the patient's daily dosage of chlorpromazine of 300mg for ten years. After performing complete ophthalmic evaluation and discarding other causes for the ocular deposits, we diagnosed a secondary corneal deposit and cataract due to the use of chlorpromazine. This case reinforces the importance of periodic follow-up with an ophthalmologist for chlorpromazine users to trace ocular changes, heeding the exposure time and its dosage.

RESUMO A clorpromazina é uma medicação muito empregada na psiquiatria para tratamento de psicoses, especialmente em casos de esquizofrenia. Desde 1964 existem artigos publicados que correlacionam o uso dessa medicação com o aparecimento de alterações oculares. Neste trabalho, relatamos o caso de um paciente de 65 anos com efeitos oculares devido à terapia de longo prazo com clorpromazina. A biomicroscopia de ambos os olhos apresentou depósitos granulares difusos e de cor marrom, mais proeminente ao nível do estroma profundo e do endotélio da córnea, além de depósitos castanhos subcapsulares anteriores centrais em um padrão estrelado no cristalino. Considerando a dose diária de clorpromazina de 300mg por 10 anos usada pelo paciente, a quantidade total ultrapassa 2.000g (dose considerada significativa para as alterações oculares descritas). Após avaliação oftalmológica completa e descartado outras causas desses depósitos oculares, foram diagnosticados depósito corneano e catarata secundários ao uso de clorpromazina. O caso apresentado reforça a importância do acompanhamento oftalmolÓgico periÓdico de usuários de clorpromazina para o rastreio de alteraçÕes oculares, atentando-se ao tempo de exposição à droga e à posologia da mesma.